After the Israeli occupation of Jerusalem in 1948, and then again in 1967, the production of hand-made goods has been slowed dramatically due to the lack of manpower. Many of the shops that had once existed in Jerusalem either closed, moved to another city or abandoned the entire enterprise because of lack of adequate funding.^[1]Nevertheless, some products remained in the city and shaped its economic and cultural sphere. The Armenian ceramic is one of such products.

The Origins:

Although Palestinians had been using ceramics for centuries,  ^[2] ceramic work had been brought to Jerusalem by Armenians at the beginning of the nineteenth century, at the time of the British Mandate.^[3]The story started in 1919 when the British High Delegate Mr. Stores brought three Armenian families to Jerusalem to renovate the walls of all of the Al-Aqsa Mosques: the Dome of the Rock and Al-Qibli. The families who migrated originally from the city of Kutahya, an Armenian city famous for its ceramic work, liked the city of Jerusalem and decided to stay..^[4]Those families founded a ceramic factory in 1922 and called it “The Dome of the Rock Ceramics”. ^[5]

Currently there are five families who do ceramic work in Jerusalem. Some of them have shops in the Old City to market their products to tourists and visitors.^[6]

Process

The ceramic piece is formed in a specific shape, whether it be a dish, bowl or cup. Then the piece is baked in a special over at a high temperature. Finally, it is painted.^[7] A piece needs ten days to be completed.^[8]

^{Jerusalem’s ceramic work and style departed from the traditional Turkish style of geometric forms and plants. Mirroring the Palestinian landscape and environment, the new ceramic work often depicted animals as well.[9]} Armenian families kept the traditional Armenian style of flowers that symbolizes eternal life.^[10]

Use:

Ceramic pieces have been used for thousands of years, whether it was to create dishes and furniture or to decorate religious centers. Ceramic work has long narrated the stories of nations and different cultures.^[11] Similarly, Jerusalem’s ceramic preserves Palestinian identity and traditions.
Currently, ceramic products are being sold in gift shops in the Old City of Jerusalem. Tourists are not the only ones who purchase the ceramics, however. Many local organizations, restaurants and community centers purchase these products to uphold Palestinian culture .^[12]

Economically

There are 25 ceramic factories that employ a total of 100 people. Of the products, 30% are marketed locally, 30% are marketed in Occupied Palestine 1948, 20% are exported to the Arab world, while the remaining 20% are exported to the US and Europe.^[13]

Challenges

Hand-made ceramic is costly and takes a great deal of time to make. This exposed the Armenian market of ceramics to fierce competition from lower quality and lower priced Turkish and Chinese ceramics. Because of the cheaper products, many of the shops in the Old City prefer the Turkish or Chinese pieces.^[14] 

The Armenian ceramics also face fierce competition from the Israeli market and from factory-made glass, which costs less to make more.^[15]Nevertheless, some tourists would still pay more for a unique hand-made ceramic that symbolizes Jerusalem and narrates its sacred and cultural story.

---

For many centuries, the candle industry in Jerusalem has flourished, particularly because of the religious nature of the city and the demand for candles in churches and monasteries for different religious and social events. More traditional designs have been supplemented by new shapes and sizes and decorated with geometric, vegetative and religious designs. They are painted in various colors, but gold is the most often used. These candles are not only popular on a local level however, and man pilgrims take candles back home with them..^[1]

Candles in Jerusalem are greasy (made of sheep fat) or hazel (made of hives) or a mixture of the both.^[2] There are specific Jerusalemite families that became famous for their production of candles across multiple generations and some of them have even become known by that trade and have taken on the surname Shamma’a (candle producer).^[3]

Although the demand for candles increases when there is a funeral or during wedding seasons and religious celebrations, production as a whole has decreased lately due to the following reasons:^[4]

• Narrow external marketing outlets
• Lack of good production and packaging and exposure to stiff competition
• High tax rates on Palestinian products and an income tax of up to 25%.

---